The Incredulity of Saint Thomas – Caravaggio

Briefing Doc: The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio

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Main Theme

This document examines and compares the two autograph versions of Caravaggio’s painting The Incredulity of Saint Thomas, one considered ecclesiastical (Trieste) and the other secular (Potsdam).

Key Ideas and Facts

Subject Matter

The painting depicts the biblical episode where the apostle Thomas, doubting Christ’s resurrection, requests to touch His wounds to believe.
“Unless I see in His hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into His side, I will not believe.” (John 20:25)

Versions

There are two autograph versions of this painting:

• Potsdam Version: Commissioned by Vincenzo Giustiniani, regarded as secular.
• Trieste Version: Commissioned by Girolamo Mattei, regarded as ecclesiastical.

Differences Between the Versions

• Christ’s Thigh: In the Potsdam version, Christ’s thigh is visible. In the Trieste version, it is covered by His garment.
• Composition: The Potsdam version is slightly smaller and has minor variations, such as the absence of folds in the red robe at the bottom of the scene.
• Colors: The Potsdam version has been restored and now features warmer tones.

Analysis

• Chiaroscuro: Both versions employ a strong chiaroscuro technique, characteristic of Caravaggio’s style. The light accentuates Christ’s physicality while hinting at His divinity.
• Realism: Thomas is depicted as a peasant, with torn clothing and dirt under his fingernails, emphasizing the realism and everyday life Caravaggio is known for.
• Composition: The composition invites the viewer into the scene, enhancing the intensity of the moment.
• Pentimenti: The Trieste version displays pentimenti—changes made by Caravaggio during the painting process. These are not mere corrections but significant alterations that redefined the composition. “Diagnostic examinations of the painting revealed very interesting aspects regarding its painting technique. These are not simply pentimenti, but a true plastic and poetic redefinition of the entire painting.”

Authenticity of the Trieste Version

Technical and radiographic analyses have confirmed the authenticity of the Trieste version, distinguishing it from a mere copy. “The technique of this painting, revealed in its exceptional quality, develops through layers of overlapping colors that highlight a clear and explanatory project.”

Influence

Caravaggio’s style influenced many painters, including Rembrandt, Rubens, Gentileschi, and La Tour.

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Conclusion

Both versions of The Incredulity of Saint Thomas are masterpieces of Italian Baroque art, showcasing Caravaggio’s mastery of chiaroscuro and realism. The presence of pentimenti in the Trieste version adds to its authenticity, offering a fascinating insight into Caravaggio’s creative process. These paintings remain pivotal in understanding the evolution of Baroque art and Caravaggio’s revolutionary impact on the art world.